APQ-01184-15).Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 478481/2013-6) and Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa de Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG (No. SPR thanks the grants from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq (No. AVLF thanks the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq (fellowships 302585/2011-7, 303834/2015-3 SISBIOTABrasil/CNPq - 563332/2010-7), the National Science Foundation (DEB-1256742) and the Fundação de Aparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - BIOTA-FAPESP Program (2011/50225-3 2013/50297-0). GRS thanks for a research scholarship from CAPES (1497228/2015). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: GML thanks for a research scholarship from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq (155895/2014-1) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES/PDSE (88881.133074/2016-01). Received: ApAccepted: FebruPublished: March 4, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Lourenço et al. PLoS ONE 14(3):Įditor: Manuela Pinzari, Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, ITALY Moreover, ecotones represent unique habitats accommodating species adapted to distinct ecological conditions, while anthropic edges accommodate only opportunistic species from open areas or upper canopies.Ĭitation: Lourenço GM, Soares GR, Santos TP, Dáttilo W, Freitas AVL, Ribeiro SP (2019) Equal but different: Natural ecotones are dissimilar to anthropic edges. These results suggest that human made forest edges are quite distinct from ecotones. However, species composition and dominance in the ecotone were similar to the forest interior in both vertical strata. The ecotone included a combination of butterfly species from the forest interior and from anthropic edges. The results indicated that the butterfly richness and diversity were higher in transition areas (ecotones and edges).

A total of 11,594 individuals from 98 butterfly species were collected (3,151 individuals from 79 species in the forest interior, 4,321 individuals from 87 species in the ecotone and 4,122 individuals from 83 species in the edge). Butterflies were sampled monthly over one year in the Rio Doce State Park, Southeastern Brazil, following a standardized design using a total of 90 bait traps, in three different forest habitats (forest interior, forest ecotone and anthropic edges), in both canopy and understory.

In the present study, fruit-feeding butterflies were used as models to investigate whether faunal assemblages in natural ecotones are more similar to the forest interior than to the anthropic edges. However, the natural forest-lake ecotones, even when abrupt, are composed of a complex vegetal physiognomy, with canopy structures close to the ground level and a composition of herbaceous and arboreal species well adapted to this transition range. The human-made forest edges are usually sharp associated with disturbances, with abrupt changes in temperature, humidity, luminosity and wind incidence towards the forest interior.

Conversely, the natural transitions (i.e., ecotones) are distinct from human-made forest edges. Human-made edges are very different from the original forest cover, with different microclimatic conditions. Increasing deforestation worldwide has expanded the interfaces between fragmented forests and non-forest habitats.

Ecotone edge effect